See bak in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "abak"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bak side"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bakbon"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bakward"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "horsbak"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "thornbak"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "back"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "back"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bak"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bake"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bæc"
},
"expansion": "Old English bæc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*bak"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bak",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*baką"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *baką",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English bæc, from Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bakkes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bac",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bacc",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "back",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "backe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bakke",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bakk",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bake",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "bak",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bakkes"
},
"expansion": "bak (plural bakkes)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "beli"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "behinde"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 41 29 29 0 1 1 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Body",
"orig": "enm:Body",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 12 12 12 12 5 12",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Directions",
"orig": "enm:Directions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"text": "c. 1300, Havelok, Havelok the Dane\nSumme putten with gleyue in bac and side, And yeuen wundes longe and wide.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The back, hind, or rear of a being's body"
],
"id": "en-bak-enm-noun-enm:back",
"links": [
[
"back",
"back"
],
[
"hind",
"hind"
],
[
"rear",
"rear"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"The back, hind, or rear of a being's body:"
],
"senseid": [
"enm:back"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 2 25 7 12 23 20 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 12 12 12 12 5 12",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Directions",
"orig": "enm:Directions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 6 25 5 6 25 19 1 9",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Mammals",
"orig": "enm:Mammals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The back, hind, or rear of a being's body:",
"What a person or creature carries or takes with themself/itself."
],
"id": "en-bak-enm-noun-enm:back1",
"links": [
[
"back",
"back"
],
[
"hind",
"hind"
],
[
"rear",
"rear"
],
[
"themself",
"themself"
],
[
"itself",
"itself"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"The back, hind, or rear of a being's body:",
"(figurative) What a person or creature carries or takes with themself/itself."
],
"senseid": [
"enm:back"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 12 12 12 12 5 12",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Directions",
"orig": "enm:Directions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The back, hind, or rear of a being's body:",
"The parts of a person which aren't visible to themself."
],
"id": "en-bak-enm-noun-enm:back1",
"links": [
[
"back",
"back"
],
[
"hind",
"hind"
],
[
"rear",
"rear"
],
[
"person",
"person"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"The back, hind, or rear of a being's body:",
"(rare) The parts of a person which aren't visible to themself."
],
"senseid": [
"enm:back"
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 2 25 7 12 23 20 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 12 12 12 12 5 12",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Directions",
"orig": "enm:Directions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The back, of something more generally; the non-facing side."
],
"id": "en-bak-enm-noun-tlwk7TcD",
"links": [
[
"back",
"back"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 2 25 7 12 23 20 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 10 14 8 6 41 8 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Bones",
"orig": "enm:Bones",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 12 12 12 12 5 12",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Directions",
"orig": "enm:Directions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 6 25 5 6 25 19 1 9",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Mammals",
"orig": "enm:Mammals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The vertebrae or spine; the bone holding up the back."
],
"id": "en-bak-enm-noun-CIte2xQX",
"links": [
[
"vertebrae",
"vertebrae"
],
[
"spine",
"spine"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 2 25 7 12 23 20 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 12 12 12 12 5 12",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Directions",
"orig": "enm:Directions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 6 25 5 6 25 19 1 9",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Mammals",
"orig": "enm:Mammals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The extremities, margin or boundary of something."
],
"id": "en-bak-enm-noun-ntrgjTyM",
"links": [
[
"extremities",
"extremities"
],
[
"margin",
"margin"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) The extremities, margin or boundary of something."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 4 14 9 6 14 8 37 4",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Hides",
"orig": "enm:Hides",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The fur or hide of an animal (removed from an animal)"
],
"id": "en-bak-enm-noun-IKzkwIrH",
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) The fur or hide of an animal (removed from an animal)"
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/bak/"
}
],
"word": "bak"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "back"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "bak"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "From abak.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bac",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bakk",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adverb",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{2}}}",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "bak",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bak",
"name": "enm-adv"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 12 12 12 12 5 12",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Directions",
"orig": "enm:Directions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"backward"
],
"id": "en-bak-enm-adv-R4I7Vl1K",
"links": [
[
"backward",
"backward"
]
]
}
],
"word": "bak"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmq-osw",
"3": "nattbakka"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish nattbakka",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A shortening of Old Swedish nattbakka.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bakkes",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"3": "bakkes",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "bak (bakkes)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "bat",
"word": "bakke"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 12 12 12 12 5 12",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Directions",
"orig": "enm:Directions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of bakke (“bat”)"
],
"id": "en-bak-enm-noun-o~0QpqrO",
"links": [
[
"bakke",
"bakke#Middle_English"
],
[
"bat",
"bat"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "bak"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Old Swedish",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 31 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Body",
"enm:Bones",
"enm:Directions",
"enm:Hides",
"enm:Mammals",
"za:Hundred",
"za:Mouth"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "abak"
},
{
"word": "bak side"
},
{
"word": "bakbon"
},
{
"word": "bakward"
},
{
"word": "horsbak"
},
{
"word": "thornbak"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "back"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "back"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bak"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bake"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bæc"
},
"expansion": "Old English bæc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*bak"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bak",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*baką"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *baką",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English bæc, from Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bakkes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bac",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bacc",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "back",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "backe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bakke",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bakk",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bake",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "bak",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bakkes"
},
"expansion": "bak (plural bakkes)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "beli"
},
{
"word": "behinde"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"text": "c. 1300, Havelok, Havelok the Dane\nSumme putten with gleyue in bac and side, And yeuen wundes longe and wide.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The back, hind, or rear of a being's body"
],
"links": [
[
"back",
"back"
],
[
"hind",
"hind"
],
[
"rear",
"rear"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"The back, hind, or rear of a being's body:"
],
"senseid": [
"enm:back"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
],
"glosses": [
"The back, hind, or rear of a being's body:",
"What a person or creature carries or takes with themself/itself."
],
"links": [
[
"back",
"back"
],
[
"hind",
"hind"
],
[
"rear",
"rear"
],
[
"themself",
"themself"
],
[
"itself",
"itself"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"The back, hind, or rear of a being's body:",
"(figurative) What a person or creature carries or takes with themself/itself."
],
"senseid": [
"enm:back"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Middle English terms with rare senses",
"Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
],
"glosses": [
"The back, hind, or rear of a being's body:",
"The parts of a person which aren't visible to themself."
],
"links": [
[
"back",
"back"
],
[
"hind",
"hind"
],
[
"rear",
"rear"
],
[
"person",
"person"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"The back, hind, or rear of a being's body:",
"(rare) The parts of a person which aren't visible to themself."
],
"senseid": [
"enm:back"
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The back, of something more generally; the non-facing side."
],
"links": [
[
"back",
"back"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The vertebrae or spine; the bone holding up the back."
],
"links": [
[
"vertebrae",
"vertebrae"
],
[
"spine",
"spine"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"The extremities, margin or boundary of something."
],
"links": [
[
"extremities",
"extremities"
],
[
"margin",
"margin"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) The extremities, margin or boundary of something."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"The fur or hide of an animal (removed from an animal)"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) The fur or hide of an animal (removed from an animal)"
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/bak/"
}
],
"word": "bak"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English adverbs",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old Swedish",
"Pages with 31 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Body",
"enm:Bones",
"enm:Directions",
"enm:Hides",
"enm:Mammals",
"za:Hundred",
"za:Mouth"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "back"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "bak"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "From abak.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bac",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bakk",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adverb",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{2}}}",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "bak",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bak",
"name": "enm-adv"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"backward"
],
"links": [
[
"backward",
"backward"
]
]
}
],
"word": "bak"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English terms derived from Old Swedish",
"Pages with 31 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Body",
"enm:Bones",
"enm:Directions",
"enm:Hides",
"enm:Mammals",
"za:Hundred",
"za:Mouth"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmq-osw",
"3": "nattbakka"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish nattbakka",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A shortening of Old Swedish nattbakka.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bakkes",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"3": "bakkes",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "bak (bakkes)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "bat",
"word": "bakke"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of bakke (“bat”)"
],
"links": [
[
"bakke",
"bakke#Middle_English"
],
[
"bat",
"bat"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "bak"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bak meaning in Middle English (6.6kB)
{
"called_from": "page/1498/20230118",
"msg": "''The back, hind, or rear of a b'[...]' gloss has examples we want to keep, but there are subglosses.",
"path": [
"bak"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "bak",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-31 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-20 using wiktextract (e97c820 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.